NAD review Study of cases that may involve false and deceptive advertising; initially, these are investigated by the National Advertising Division (NAD) of the Council of Better Business Bureaus. Also covers such studies by other nations' policing bodies, such as Britain's Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). (Responsive Database Services, Inc)

National campaign Advertising campaign conducted on a national level. (Responsive Database Services, Inc)

National debt is the total outstanding debt obligations of central government, comprising both marketable debt (e.g. securities) and non-marketable debt (e.g. national savings certificates).

National expenditure is aggregate spending on national output.

Natural environment embraces natural resources including land, vegetation, wildlife, air and water and the amenity which they confer.

Impacts of technical change on the natural environment: 1) Effluent, 2) Emissions, 3) Acid rain, 4) Ozone-layer depletion, 5) Greenhouse effect, 6) Solid wastes, 7) Resource depletion.

National income
Definition #1. National income is a measure of the value of goods and services available to the people in an economy in a given period.
Definition #2. National income is the incomes created from producing the output.

National output is sum of the value added by each domestic firm.

Natural monopoly is a firm that can satisfy all the market demand, but still has unexploited cost savings.

Needs, hierarchy of Individuals have needs which are satisfied in this sequence, and only unsatisfied needs can motivate: physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-aclualisalion (Maslow).

See also Maslow hierarchy of needs.

Need-satisfaction approach An approach to selling that focuses on identifying the customer's needs and then creating a presentation that addresses those needs. (Courtland L. Bovee, John V. Thill)

Negotiation is a conferring with another with the view to compromise or agree on some issue.

Also see non-verbal communication.

Net present value (NPV) is the value obtained by discounting all cash outflows and inflows attributable to a capital investment or any other long-term project by a chosen percentage.

Network TV advertising Advertising on non-cable TV networks; includes ABC, NBC, CBS, and Fox. (Responsive Database Services, Inc)

Neural network Computer system loosely modeled on the workings of the human brain.

New product A good, service, or idea that is perceived by some potential customers as new. (Philip Kotler)

Stages of new product development (Kotler) :
1. Idea generation;
2. Idea screening;
3. Concept tasting;
4. Business analysis - A review of the sales, costs, and profit projections for a new product to determine whether these factors satisfy the company's objectives;
5. Product development and testing;
6. Test marketing;
7. Commercialization - Introducing a new product into the market.

Three areas detailed in the new product research: 1. Acceptability (required primary research with qualitative techniques: Depth interview, Focus groups and Test marketing); 2. Forecasts; 3. Pricing policies.

Helpful new product ideas should be: 1) High profit potential, 2) Average or low cost and risk, 3) Conformance to company objectives, 4) new resources employment.

Product research of new product: 1) Successful to customers combination of quality, price, value, associated image, shape, color, size of product; 2) Encroaching on the market of existing products, 3) Improving existing product range, 4) Competitors' actions.

Sources of new product ideas: 1) P&D; 2) Market research and Market development; 3) Trade; 4) Consumers; 5) Out sole technology advancement; 6) Employees suggestions; 7) Salesmen; 8) Competitors; 9) Outside suppliers; 10) Advertising agency; 11) Brainstorming 12) "think-tank" effort.

Reasons for development of new product: 1) Spare resources; 2) Existing product aging/need replacing; 3) Manpower utilization slack; 4) "All Eggs in one basket" - diversification; 5) Natural progression; 6) Move to new raw materials; 7) Profits attraction/sales motive; 8) R&D 'Lucky strike'/ split-off; 9) Contract seasonal / cyclical sales; 10) Stimulate distribution channels; 11) Lower overheads / sales force cost; 12) Steal march on competition.

Five characteristics associated with the success of new product: 1) Relative advantage, 2) Compatibility, 3) Complexity, 4) Trainability, 5) Observability.

The success of new products in an international environment depends on a number of factors: 1. It is important to have an appropriate organizational structure. An international division, responsive to international rather than purely domestic marketing concerns, is far more likely to introduce new products overseas successfully. 2. There should be a commitment to market research. As we have seen, international market research is more complex than domestic market research. 3. Sources of idea generation should be as wide as possible: customers, intermediaries, competitors, research and development, sales staff etc. 4. The new product development process should be implemented for each country, i.e. screening, business analysis, test marketing etc.

New product development
The development of original products, product improvements, product modifications, and new brands through the firm's own R and D efforts.
Also see Ansoff matrix.

New product launch

Phases of integrated marketing communications campaign: 1. Prelaunch, 2. Launch, 3. Post launch, 4. Possible stage of expansion.

Key promotional methods (for service): 1. The development of an overall corporate image/branding; 2. The application of this brand across all promotional activity; 3. The internal training of the staff; 4. The preparation of a complete range of literature and promotional materials; 5. The organization of press relation campaign (pre- and post launch); 6. The organization of advertising campaign; 7. The development of a sales promotions
program to cover both the initial launch and subsequent development; 8. An initial direct marketing campaign with a database marketing program to follow; 9. Key sales people organized by target groups; 10. The encouragement of 'word of mouth' recommendations.

NIC's are newly industrializing countries such as China.

Non-durable goods Consumer goods that are normally consumed in one or a few uses. (Philip Kotler)

Non-financial exchanges Exchanges between marketer and customer that do not center around the transfer of money. (Courtland L. Bovee, John V. Thill)

Non-price competition is the use of means other than lower prices to seek to attract business from competitors. Product differentiation and special offers are examples.

Non-profit marketing is marketing activities undertaken by non-profit making organizations such as charities, government departments, etc.

Non-prospects Consumers or organizations that are not potential customers. (Courtland L. Bovee, John V. Thill)

Possible communication objectives of non-profit marketing: 1. Making target aware of a product, service or social behavior. 2. Educating consumers about the offer or changes in the offer. 3. Changing beliefs about negative and positive consequences of taking a particular action. 4. Changing the relative importance of particular consequences. 5. Enlisting the support of a variety of individuals. 6. Recruiting, motivating or rewarding employees or volunteers. 7. Changing perceptions about the sponsoring organization. 8. Influencing government bodies. 9. Preventing the discontinuity of support. 10. Proving benefits over 'competitors'. 11. Combating injurious rumors. 12. Influencing funding agencies.

Major categories of non-profit marketing: 1. Political party, 2. Social cause, 3. Charity, 4. Government, 5. Religious, 6. Professional body, 7. Other (hospitals, universities, museums, etc.)

Possible differences non-profit campaigns (e.g. HIV/AIDS campaigns) from consumer product campaigns: 1. Lower cost, 2. Promoting a cause, 3. Attitude changing, 4. Complex transactions, 5. Less experience.

Non-relevant cost see Overheads/costs/expenses.

Non-tariff barriers
Definition #1. Non-tariff barriers are obstacles to importsother than tariffs and quotas. They include all types of standards and regulations to which imports must conform e.g. product safety. As such they add cost to imports and provide advantage to domestically produced good and services.
Definition #2. Non-tariff barriers are standards and regulations to which imports must conform.
Definition #3. Nonmonetary barriers to foreign products such as biases against foreign company's bids or product standards that go against for-eign company's product features. (Philip Kotler)

Non-tariff trade barriers in detail:
1. Formal trade restrictions:
1.1 Non tariff import restrictions (Price related measures): 1.1.1 Surcharges at border, 1.1.2 Port and statistical taxes, 1.1.3 Non discriminatory excise, 1.1.4 Taxes and registration charges, 1.1.5 Discriminatory excise taxes, 1.1.6 Government insurance requirements, 1.1.7 Non discriminatory turnover taxes, 1.1.8 Discriminatory turnover taxes, 1.1.9 Import deposit, 1.1.10 Variable levies, 1.1.11 Consular fees, 1.1.12 Stamp taxes, 1.1.13 Various special taxes and surcharges.
1.2 Quantitative restrictions and similar specific trade limitations (Quantity-related measures):
1.2.1 Licensing regulations, 1.2.2 Ceilings and quotas, 1.2.3 Embargoes, 1.2.4 Export restrictions and prohibitions, 1.2.5 Foreign exchange and other monetary or financial controls, 1.2.6 Government price setting and surveillance, 1.2.7 Purchase and performance requirements, 1.2.8 Restrictive business conditions, 1.2.9 Discriminatory bilateral arrangements, 1.2.10 Discriminatory regulations regarding countries of origin, 1.2.11 International cartels, 1.2.12 Orderly marketing agreements, 1.2.13 Various related regulations.
1.3 Discriminatory freight rates.
2. Administrative trade restrictions:
2.1 State participation in trade: 2.1.1 Subsidies and other government support, 2.1.2 Government trade, government monopolies and granting of concessions or licenses, 2.1.3 Laws and ordinances discouraging imports, 2.1.4 Problems relating to general government policy, 2.1.5 Government procurement, 2.1.6 Tax relief, granting of credit and guarantees, 2.1.7 Boycott.
2.2 Technical norms, standards and consumer: 2.2.1 Health and safety' regulations, 2.2.2 Pharmaceutical control regulations, 2.2.3 Product design regulations, 2.2.4 Industrial standards, 2.2.5 Size and weight regulations, 2.2.6 Packing and labeling regulations , 2.2.7 Package marking regulations, 2.2.8 Regulations pertaining to use, 2.2.9 Regulations for the protection of intellectual property, 2.2.10 Trademark regulations.
2.3 Customs processing and other administrative regulations: 2.3.1 Antidumping policy, 2.3.1 Customs calculations bases, 2.3.2 Formalities required by consular officials, 2.3.3 Certification regulations, 2.3.4 Administrative obstacles, 2.3.5 Merchandise classification, 2.3.6 Regulations regarding sample shipments return shipments, and re-exports, 2.3.7 Countervailing duties and taxes, 2.3.8 Appeal law, 2.3.9 Emergency law.

Non-verbal communication typically relates to body language.

Examples of non-verbal communication: 1)posture during negotiations, 2) request for a quote, 3) order confirmation.

Benefits of non-verbal communication: 1) Building relationships, 2) Clear understanding of customer needs and motivations, 3) Clarity (fewer misunderstandings).

Examples of typical body language postures: 1) Crossed arms/legs, 2) Lack of eye contact, 3) Facial expression, 4) Invasion of space, 5) Fidgeting, 6) Hands on hips, 7) Firm or limp handshake.

Normal profit is the minimum profit which a firm must earn in order to induce it to stay in production. At this level of profit, the opportunity costs of the entrepreneur retaining capital in the business are just covered by total revenue.

Note form involves setting out information in brief points, comments or explanations.